Sunday, January 26, 2020
The Peroxide In Fatty Acid Biology Essay
The Peroxide In Fatty Acid Biology Essay Oils or fats including edible oil are in great demand everyday as the principal materials for foods, cooking and so forth, therefore, a determination of the degree of oxidation or deterioration of oils or fats is a daily requirement from the viewpoint of hygiene and sanitation, tastes and odors of foods manufactured or cooked. The peroxide value is a measure of those substances in sample, expressed in terms of millie-equivalents of active oxygen per kilogram which oxidize potassium iodide under condition of the test. High peroxide values are a definite indication of a rancid fat, but moderate values may be the result of depletion of peroxides after reaching high concentrations. Procedures: Into the 250mL flask, the sunflower oil is weighted to the nearest 0.1 mg, 5.00 ±0.05g. 30mL of acetic acid-chloroform solution is added. The flask is swirled until sunflower oil is dissolved in the solution. 0.5mL of saturated potassium iodide is added with a graduated pipette. The solution is swirled for 1 minute and 30mL of distilled water is added. For freshly produced oils, a few drops of starch solution are added. 0.01 N sodium thiosulphate solution is titrated is added gradually and with constant and vigorous shaking. The titration is continued, the flask is shake vigorously near the end point to liberate all the iodine from the chloroform layers. The thiosulphate solution is added drop wise until the blue color just disappears. For sunflower oil with high peroxides, 0.01 N is titrated until the yellow iodine color has almost disappeared. 0.5mL of starch indicator is added and continues until the blue color just disappears. Blank test in parallel with determination is carried out. The blank titration must not exceed 0.1mL of the 0.01 n sodium thiosulphate. Step 1 to 9 is repeated by using the canola oil. Results: Weight of canola oil and sunflower oil = 0.22g Initial reading Final reading Sunflower oil 77.8 83.6 Canola oil 74.8 77.8 Peroxide value of sunflower oil = N ÃÆ'- (Vs -Vb) ÃÆ'- 1000 W =0.01ÃÆ'- (83.6-77.8) ÃÆ'- 1000 0.22 = 263.64 Peroxide value of canola oil = 0.01 ÃÆ'- (77.8-74.8) ÃÆ'- 1000 0.22 =136.36 Discussion: In chemistry, fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon chain. It is also any of a large group of monobasic acids, especially those found in animal and vegetable fats and oils, it also plays roles outside the body. Furthermore, it has a general formula of CnH2n+1COOH. When it is not attached to other molecule, it is called free fatty acid. Fatty acid is essential as a source of fuel because of its metabolism yield large quantities of ATP. Characteristically made up of saturated or unsaturated aliphatic compounds with an even number of carbon atoms, this group of acids includes palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids.  One of many molecules that are long chains of lipid-carboxylic acid found in fats and oils and in cell membranes as a component of phospholipids and glycolipids. Peroxide is a compound containing an oxygen-oxygen single bond. The simplest stable peroxide is hydrogen peroxide. The O-O group is called the peroxide group or peroxo group. In contrast to oxide ion, the oxygen atoms in the peroxide ion have an oxidation state of -1. Peroxide can be classified into organic and inorganic whereas the inorganic peroxides have an ionic, salt-like character. The organic peroxides are dominated by the covalent bonds. The oxygen-oxygen chemical bond of peroxide is unstable and easily split into reactive radicals via hemolytic cleavage. Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil expressed from sunflower seeds. Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as frying oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient. Canola oil is made at a processing facility by crushing the rapeseed. Canola is a key ingredient in many foods. Its reputation as a healthy oil has created high demand in markets around the world. Canola oil has many non-food uses, and often replaces non-renewable resources in products including candles, lipsticks, newspaper inks, industrial lubricants and biofuels. The average density of canola oil is 0.92g/ml. The peroxide value of an oil and fat is used as a measurement of the extent to which rancidity reactions have occurred during storage. Other methods are available but peroxide value is the most widely used. The double bonds found in fats and oils play a role in autoxidation. Oils with a higher degree of unsaturation are most susceptible to autoxidation. The best test for autoxidation (oxidative rancidity) is the determination of the peroxide value. Peroxides are intermediates in the autoxidation reaction. Autoxidation is a free radical reaction involving oxygen that leads to deterioration of fats and oils which forms off-flavors and off-odors. Peroxide value, concentration of peroxide in an oil or fat, is useful for assessing the extent to which spoilage has advanced. The peroxide value is the number that expresses in milliequivalents of active oxygen the quantity of peroxide contained in 1000 g of the substance. Peroxide Value is one of the most w idely used tests for oxidative rancidity in oils and fats, peroxide value is a measure of the concentration of peroxides and hydroperoxides formed in the initial stages of lipid oxidation. Milliequivalents of peroxide per kg of fat are measured by titration with iodide ion. Peroxide values are non static and special care must be taken in handling and testing samples. It is difficult to provide a specific guideline relating peroxide value to rancidity. High peroxide values are a definite indication of a rancid fat, but moderate values may be the result of depletion of peroxides after reaching high concentrations. Therefore the peroxide value of canola oil is lower than sunflower oil. Precaution step: There are several precaution steps that must be considered in this experiment. Firstly, our eyes must be perpendicular to the scale of instrument when recording the value to avoid parallel error occurs. Secondly, we must also avoid or minimize the zero error existed in the experiment. Thirdly, during the titration, we must add the sodium thiosulphate gradually or drop by drop, with constant and shake it vigorously to avoid inaccurate value taken. Besides that, we must avoid solution being oxidized or carbon dioxide; CO2 being dissolved in the solution because it will affect the actual result. Conclusion: The peroxide value of sunflower oil is 263.64 while the peroxide value of canola oil is 136.36.
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Accounts Receivable and Correct Marks
Which of the following events involves an accrual? Choose one answer. | a. Recording interest that has been earned but not received | | | b. Recording supplies that have been purchased with cash but not yet used. | | | c. Recording revenue that has been earned but not yet collected in cash. | | | d. A. and C. | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 2 Marks: 5 Which resource provider typically receives first priority when resources are divided as part of a business's liquidation? Choose one answer. | a. stockholders | | | b. owners | | | c. the company's managers | | | d. creditors | |Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 3 Marks: 5 Which of the following transactions involves a deferral? Choose one answer. | a. Recording salaries of employees earned but not yet paid. | | | b. Recording the interest earned (but not received) on a CD. | | | c. Recording interest accrued on a note payable. | | | d. Recording the prepayment of three months rent. | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 4 Marks: 5 Which of the following groups has the primary responsibility for establishing generally accepted accounting principles for business entities in the United States?Choose one answer. | a. Internal Revenue Service | | | b. U. S. Congress | | | c. Governmental Accounting Standards Board | | | d. Financial Accounting Standards Board | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 5 Marks: 5 The left side of a T-account is known as the: Choose one answer. | a. Debit Side | | | b. Credit side | | | c. Claims side | | | d. Equity side | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. 1 Marks: 5 Product costs are matched against sales revenue Choose one answer. | a. in the period immediately following the sale. | | | b. when the merchandise is purchased. | | c. when the sale is made. | | | d. in the period immediately following the purchase. | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 2 Marks: 5 The left side of a T-account is known as th e: Choose one answer. | a. Claims side | | | b. Equity side | | | c. Credit side | | | d. Debit Side | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 3 Marks: 5 When prices are rising, which method of inventory, if any, will result in the lowest relative net cash outflow (including the effects of taxes, if any)? Choose one answer. | a. weighted average. | | | b. FIFO | | | c. LIFO | | | d.None of these; inventory methods cannot affect cash flows. | | Incorrect Marks for this submission: 0/5. Question 4 Marks: 5 Which of the following is considered a period cost? Choose one answer. | a. Transportation cost on goods received from suppliers. | | | b. Cost of merchandise purchased. | | | c. Packaging costs for merchandise to be sold. | | | d. Advertising expense for the current month. | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 5 Marks: 5 Which of the following is considered a product cost? Choose one answer. | a. Salaries paid to employees of a retailer. | | | b.Utility ex pense for the current month. | | | c. Transportation cost on goods received from suppliers. | | | d. Transportation cost on goods shipped to customers. | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. 1 Marks: 5 Receivables are normally reported on the balance sheet at net realizable value. In contrast, payables are carried at face value. Which accounting principle requires this treatment of payables? Choose one answer. | a. Matching concept. | | | b. Monetary unit assumption. | | | c. Going concern assumption. | | | d. Materiality concept. | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5.Question 2 Marks: 5 The amount of accounts receivable that is actually expected to be collected is known as: Choose one answer. | a. Bad debts expense. | | | b. Net realizable value. | | | c. Allowance for doubtful accounts. | | | d. The present value of accounts receivable. | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 3 Marks: 5 The practice of reporting the net realizable value of receivables in the financial statements is commonly called: Choose one answer. | a. the cash flow method of accounting for bad debts. | | | b. the direct write-off method of accounting for bad debts. | | | c. he allowance method of accounting for bad debts. | | | d. Both a and b are correct. | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 4 Marks: 5 What does the accounts receivable turnover ratio measure? Choose one answer. | a. How quickly the accounts receivable balance increases. | | | b. How quickly inventory turns into accounts receivable. | | | c. How quickly accounts receivable turn into cash. | | | d. Average balance of accounts receivables. | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 5 Marks: 5 Which of the following businesses would most likely have the longest operating cycle? Choose one answer. a. A national pharmacy chain. | | | b. A discount store. | | | c. A producer of wine. | | | d. A chain of pizza restaurants. | | Incorrect Marks for this submission: 0/5. 1 Marks: 5 What is the name used for the type of secured bond that requires a pledge of a designated piece of property in case of default? Choose one answer. | a. Debenture Bond | | | b. Indenture Bond | | | c. Mortgage Bond | | | d. Registered Bond | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 2 Marks: 5 Which of the following would be classified as a long-term operational asset? Choose one answer. | a. Accounts Receivable | | | b.Treasury Stock | | | c. Inventory | | | d. Goodwill | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 3 Marks: 5 Jocelyn Corporation recorded the following in its general journal on 1/1/06: Cash                                                 98,000 Discount on Bonds Payable             2,000 Bonds Payable                              100,000 Which of the following answers correctly describes the transaction on 1/1/06? Choose one answer. | a. Jocelyn issued bonds at 98. | | | b. Jocelyn issued bonds at 102. | | | c. Jocelyn issued bonds at a $2,000 premium. | | | d. Jocelyn signed a note payable for $98,000. | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 4 Marks: 5 Which of the following terms is used to identify the process of expense recognition for property, plant and equipment? Choose one answer. | a. Amortization | | | b. Depletion | | | c. Depreciation | | | d. Revision | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5. Question 5 Marks: 5 Which method of depreciation is used by most U. S. companies for financial reporting purposes? Choose one answer. | a. Straight Line | | | b. MACRS | | | c. Double Declining Balance | | | d. Units of Production | | Correct Marks for this submission: 5/5.
Friday, January 10, 2020
Medea can be forgiven for her rage but not her calculation
Medea’s rage is a result of Jason’s betrayal, and with both desire and passion, it prompts her calculation- causing her to commit unimaginable crimes. Her rage is forgivable, yet her actions that follow are contemptible. Jason’s betrayal is recurring throughout the novel, and as it progresses, Medea’s fury worsens also. When Jason claims â€Å"he has acted like a true friend†to Medea and his children, Medea reacts angrily, knowing that he has acted in contrast. Jason’s obliviousness to his actions and lies insults Medea, forming her resentment to develop. Although Medea’s calculation doesn’t add up to Jason’s betrayal, he is still to blame for being the cause of such frenzy. Medea’s rage, passion, and desire for Jason are the origin of her actions. For Medea to â€Å"suffer the mockery of her enemies†was something she wouldn’t tolerate. Her vindictive mind allowed her to believe that she would rather do wrong, than be ridiculed by Jason, Glauce and Creon. By killing her children, Glauce and Creon, Medea knew she would â€Å"have her claws†in Jason’s heart as he deserved. These children live no more; I say this to wound your heart†. Medea commits these actions to hurt Jason and get revenge, yet was unaware of the extent of which they would affect her. The audience is unable to distinguish Medea’s rage from her calculation as they are all a source of the same cause. â€Å"My passion is master of my reason, passion that causes the greatest suffering in the world†. Medea knows that in order for her to pursue with murdering her children, she will have to suffer tremendously. Her manipulation and vigilant arrangements allows her to accomplish results which reflect on her fury and â€Å"special knowledge†. Although Jason is to blame for Medea's rage, the results are solely Medea's fault. We are able to sympathise with Medea; to some extent, for the distress she undergoes through killing her children. Although Medea cannot be forgiven for her actions, the audience is able to understand the reasons for the revengeful way Medea retorted. Neither Jason nor Medea can be forgiven for their actions, but condemned.
Thursday, January 2, 2020
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