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The History and Domestication of Goats

Goats (Capra hircus) were among the first domesticated animals, adapted from the wild bezoar ibex (Capra aegagrus) in western Asia. Bezoar ibexes are native to the southern slopes of the Zagros and Taurus mountains in Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Evidence shows that goats spread globally and played an important role in the advancement of Neolithic agricultural technology wherever they went. Today, over 300 breeds of goats exist on our planet, living on every continent except Antarctica. They thrive in an astonishing range of environments, from human settlements and tropical rainforests, to dry, hot deserts and cold, hypoxic, high altitudes. Because of this variety, the domestication history was a bit obscure until the development of DNA research. Where Goats Originated Beginning between 10,000 and 11,000 Before Present (BP), Neolithic farmers in areas of the Middle East and Western Asia started keeping small herds of ibexes for their milk and meat; dung for fuel; and hair, bone, skin, and sinew for clothing and building materials. Domestic goats were recognized archaeologically by: Their presence and abundance in regions well beyond western AsiaPerceived changes in their body size and shape (morphology)Differences in demographic profiles from feral groupsStable isotope evidence of dependence on year-round fodders. Archaeological data suggests two distinct places of domestication: the Euphrates river valley at Nevali Çori, Turkey (11,000 BP), and the Zagros Mountains of Iran at Ganj Dareh (10,000 BP). Other possible sites of domestication posed by archaeologists included the Indus Basin in Pakistan at (Mehrgarh, 9,000 BP), central Anatolia, the southern Levant, and China. Divergent Goat Lineages Studies on mitochondrial DNA sequences indicate there are four highly divergent goat lineages today. This would mean either that there were four domestication events, or that there is a broad level of diversity that was always present in the bezoar ibex. Additional studies suggest the extraordinary variety of genes in modern goats arose from one or more domestication events from the Zagros and Taurus mountains and the southern Levant, followed by interbreeding and continued development in other places. A study on the frequency of genetic haplotypes (gene variation packages) in goats suggests that there may have been a Southeast Asian domestication event as well. Its also possible that, during the transport to Southeast Asia via the steppe region of central Asia, goat groups developed extreme bottlenecks which resulted in fewer variations. Goat Domestication Processes Researchers looked at stable isotopes in goat and gazelle bones from two sites on either side of the Dead Sea in Israel: Abu Ghosh (the Middle Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) site) and Basta (the Late PPNB site). They showed that gazelles (used as a control group) eaten by the occupants of the two sites maintained a consistently wild diet, but goats from the later Basta site had a significantly different diet than goats from the earlier site. The main difference in the oxygen- and nitrogen-stable isotopes of the goats suggests that Basta goats had access to plants that were from a wetter environment than where they were eaten. This would likely result from the goats being either herded to wetter environments during some part of the year,  or provided fodder from those environments. This indicates that people managed goats—herding them from pasture to pasture or feeding them, or both—by as early as around 9950 cal BP. This would have been part of a process that began earlier still, perhaps during the early PPNB (10,450 to 10,050 cal BP) and coinciding with reliance on plant cultivars. Significant Goat Sites Important archaeological sites with evidence for the initial process of goat domestication include Cayà ¶nà ¼, Turkey (10,450 to 9950 BP), Tell Abu Hureyra, Syria (9950 to 9350 BP), Jericho, Israel (9450 BP), and Ain Ghazal, Jordan (9550 to 9450 BP). Resources and Further Reading Fernà ¡ndez, Helena, et al. â€Å"Divergent mtDNA Lineages of Goats in an Early Neolithic Site, Far From the Initial Domestication Areas.† Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Edited by Ofer Bar-Yosef, vol. 103, no. 42, 17 Oct. 2006, pp. 15375-15379.Gerbault, Pascale, et al. â€Å"Evaluating Demographic Models for Goat Domestication Using mtDNA Sequences.† Anthropozoologica, vol. 47, no. 2, 1 Dec. 2012, pp. 64-76.Luikart, Gordon., et al. â€Å"Multiple Maternal Origins and Weak Phylogeographic Structure in Domestic Goats.† Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Edited by Henry Harpending, vol. 98, no. 10, 8 Mar. 2001, pp. 5927-5932.Makarewicz, Cheryl, and Noreen Tuross. â€Å"Finding Fodder and Tracking Transhumance: Isotopic Detection of Goat Domestication Processes in the Near East.† Current Anthropology, vol. 53, no. 4, Aug. 2012, pp. 495-505.Naderi, Saed, et al. â€Å"The Goat Domestication Process Inferred From Large-Scale Mito chondrial DNA Analysis of Wild and Domestic Individuals.† Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Edited by Kent V. Flannery, vol. 105, no. 46, 18 Nov. 2008, pp. 17659-17664.Naderi, Saeid, et al. â€Å"Large-Scale Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Domestic Goat Reveals Six Haplogroups with High Diversity.† PLoS ONE, Edited by Henry Harpending, vol. 2, no. 10, 10 Oct. 2007, pp. 1-12.Nomura, Koh, et al. â€Å"Domestication Process of the Goat Revealed by an Analysis of the Nearly Complete Mitochondrial Protein-Encoding Genes.† PLoS ONE, Edited by Giovanni Maga, vol. 8, no. 8, 1 Aug. 2013, pp. 1-15.Vahidi, Sayed Mohammad Farhad, et al. â€Å"Investigation of the Genetic Diversity of Domestic .† Genetics Selection Evolution, vol. 46, no. 27, 17 Apr. 2004, pp. 1-12.Capra Hircus Breeds Reared Within an Early Goat Domestication Area in IranZeder, Melinda A. â€Å"A Metrical Analysis of a Collection of Modern Goats (.† Journal of Archaeological Sci ence, vol. 28, no. 1, Jan. 2001, pp. 61-79.Capra Hircus Aegargus and C. H. Hircus) From Iran and Iraq: Implications for the Study of Caprine DomesticationZeder, Melinda A., and Brian Hesse. â€Å"The Initial Domestication of Goats (Capra Hircus) in the Zagros Mountains 10,000 Years Ago.† Science, vol. 287, no. 5461, 24 Mar. 2000, pp. 2254-2257.

Persuasive Speech Uw Madison - 932 Words

â€Å"What! No! Why!?† Without a doubt, these words have been exalted by many candidates during the competitive transfer process at UW-Madison. Although I was denied transfer admission, I cannot but respect the decision I was given. However, I believe that UW-Madison has not seen the full extent of me. I would like to provide this letter with additional merit to display that I am stronger than earlier evidenced in my Fall of 2016 application. In reflection of my application, I believe I know where I went wrong above all: my GPA. With a GPA of 2.750 for Microbiology, I see reason as to why UW-Madison would question it. The university seeks unique individuals out of thousands in hopes of ensuring a vibrant and prestigious community for knowledge. Even though the campus has stated that it has been historically low to reverse an appeal, I feel the ultimate obligation to write this letter and submit it. Since submitting the original application, I have discovered ways to put myself forward in the campus, to understand that some events are helping me to pursue a positive foundation and ways to contribute to UW-Madison. At this moment, I am a part of Residence Life, ensuring a positive atmosphere to the fellow students around me. Within Residence Life, I hold a position in Core Team and Leadership Team in my hall. With my past experiences of role modeling, I felt this position would be great to direct residents to become involved and assure them that opportunities for them are there for

Scarface Free Essays

To The History And Theory Of Film (HA1148) Assessment 1: Essay Plan The question which I will be attempting to answer is number 1) Write a close film analysis of a short (5 -15 mins. ) sequence/scene from a module – related film. Your analysis should consider at least four of the elements of film form discussed on the module: mise-en-sce? ne, editing, cinematography, shot type, camera movement, sound and narrative function. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarface or any similar topic only for you Order Now What is the connotation of these aspects, i. e. how do they contribute to the meaning, character, story or mood?I will be basing my discussion on the 1983 film Scarface directed by Brian De Palma. The scene I intend to focus on is the final scene of the film which I like to call â€Å"Tony’s downfall† which lasts for about ten minutes. I aim to talk about the following film forms: mise-en-sce? ne, camera movement, sound and narrative function. A little summary and backdrop of some of the issues surrounding the film are also necessary for critical analysis. Many of Brian De Palma’s films share the same techniques, but there are many differences aswell.The director seems to have a liking of gangster films producing two classics, â€Å"The Untouchables† and â€Å"Scarface. † These films share many similarities but are filmed from two different perspectives, from the side of the mafia, (Scarface), and from the side of the police, (The Untouchables). Both the films conclude with main mafia gangster paying for his crimes, but in very different ways. The similarities of the suspense music and film techniques used in De Palma’s films are very noticeable.One of Brian De Palma’s strongest points in his film making techniques is his ability to create suspense. I will be elaborating on this in my essay when talking about the use of Sound and the meaning and impact it attempts to create. There are issues of the American Dream and the Cuban crime wave to consider and how they intersperse together in the film and what influence they had within the film. The film follows the life of Tony Montana and his close friend Manny Ray otherwise known as Manolo from their trip on the Cuban Boat Lift for refugees, to their arrival in Miami.After killing a powerful Cuban figure, Montana and company gain the ability to leave their refugee camps and roam around the U. S. After unsuccessfully trying to make it legitimately in the country, Montana and Manny resort to selling cocaine to  dealers around the world. De Palma altered the conventional narrative form in which you might expect from a gangster film. You might get the typical gangster who’s a badass straight away and continues on a very predictable path, but De Palma who films the narrative form from the gangster’s point of view shows us (the audience) a more in depth lifestyle of a gangster.De Palma portrays the failure of the American Dream, the modern view being that attaining power and happiness. In Scarface, Tony Montana attempts this dream and believed that he would have been happy once achieving power, but of course we know too well what happens.Bibliography: http://twgsbmedia08asgroup1. blogspot. com/2008/10/scarface-analysis. html http://www. bbc. co. uk/films/2001/02/08/scarface_1983_review. shtml How to cite Scarface, Papers

Knowledge acquisition free essay sample

How Nike inc. in acquiring knowledge and developing it over the years since its stated first movement in shoes, sport apparel and equipment business . The knowledge is not just data or information it is a constantly changing mixture of experience, values, contextual information and expert insight that creates a background for evaluating and implementing new experience and information (Lynch, 2006). It originates and is applied in the minds of knower. Company tries to put this concept in the mind of every managers and employees. Nike implements it know-how to achieve great success consequently to great sale. Company uses divisional structure to allocate resource and tools to operate efficiently. It divided whole company to 5 departments: HR, Marketing Sale, Accounting, Production, and Design Development that have two distinct tacit and explicit forms of knowledge and tools to exploit. Tacit knowledge is difficult to specify. It is unclear, often complex, unwritten, and unrecorded. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge acquisition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And knowledge that can be given precise definition further analysis is called explicit knowledge. Every single department has unique way to operate individually and within organization. Knowledge in Marketing Sales Tacit knowledge Marketing and Sales staff has experience in creating sustainable relationship with customers that helps to generates positive outcomes in selling goods. Through dealing with customers, may quickly identify the needs and wants of customers and may understand customer’s feeling while young staff may not have those. Core competency in Nikes strategy is strong brand building through heavy advertising and sponsorship in local and international sport competitions. Nike employs very successfully images of popular athletes to make especially young people to associate every Nike branded products with successfull and stylish sport stars in order to promote its product to presuade cutomers to but them. For example, Michael Jordans athletic ability and the image of number one US basketball star was used to develop Nike Air shoes advertising capaign. Other sportmen have got sponsorship deals from Nike are famous tennises John McEnroe and Andre Agassi, golf star Tider Woods, and soccer players David Beckham and Ronaldo. One of the latest Nike’s brand promotion took in the London Olympic Games 2012, Nike cleverly used Olypic Games to it advantage, it choosed not to be the official sponsor instead it managed â€Å"ambush marketing† by delivering many game-changing products and attracted publicity through linking product to world’s famous athletes. Explicit knowledge Marketing Sales Department has to store new policies about future growth of company and based on it to develop new strategies. Moreover, it also requires sales data of company, the customer profile, and customer feedback to analyze the current situation of Nike. In 1976, the company hired John Brown and Partners as its first advertising agency and following year agency created the first brand ad for Nike under the name There is no finish line. But the most famous slogan Just do it was created in 1988 by Wieden+Kennedy ad agency and until now it remains Nikes primary as agency. Nikes Swoosh emblem is one of the most recognizable symbol in the world and it is presence in 46 counties gives huge advantages to operate in many markets and reach a lot of customer.

Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. Answer: Introduction Obtaining the root cause of given problems in a business organization which has hardly been in wrangles in the past is not a daily activity. Most people find it uncomfortable to be scrutinizing and checking their workmates (Adams 2016). For such reasons, many business organizations outsource experts from other places to reduce the chances of biasness or the feeling of un-comfortability. For such reasons, I have been hired to solicit the root cause of issues that have arisen in Latino engineering. Latino engineering has been in the management of one individual for over thirty years. Due to such a reason, it would be normal for complaints to arise if management changes would occur. Problems always arise; however, there is always an opportunity to for business organizations of this sort to grow. On the contrary, the biggest challenge is to always find and fix the problem arising in a company; then come up with the solution quickly to avoid more damage (Adams 2016). From thorough organizational studies performed, I realized that clients were complaining of defective engineering equipment. I also realized that within the manufacturing section, the machinery was improperly maintained. Since the company was taken over by the new owners, the manufacturing machinery has been neglected. The machinery is also not serviced quite often. From such, ineffective engineering equipment is created. Such seems to be one of the root cause of complains received by different clients (Changarathi 2015). This issue will need to be solved immediately so that the company can start redeeming its self. When most companies change their leadership framework, they often find themselves with arising issues. Such is due to inadequate follow up and knowledge. As mentioned before, this company had been governed for over 30 years by the same personnel. The administrator also happened to be the owner of the firm; so the company was built in a manner that would make it easy for h im to govern with ease. After the acquisition of the company, the group that bought it did not have the same attachment as the initial owner (Adams 2016). Another issue that arose is poor design and development of client follow up. The new owners seem to have altered the companys designs. By so doing the clients have started noticing it because of faulty machineries. Such, therefore, shows that the new owners have to stick with the original design because of the client requirements. However, the company needs to try employing better strategies apart from just altering the original design. I would suggest that they try advancing such designs by upgrading the technological sector of the company. When a client is used to a machine working in a certain way for over thirty years then a slight difference in performance is noted, he or she is likely to be very dissatisfied. The same tarnishes the image of the brand of the company. Every solution should ensure that interests are satisfied. Most of a time, we ignore our interests. Such is due to the fact that we become get attached to a given solution. Improper storage could also contribute to some of the problems that this particular company faces. Such, therefore, also need to be addressed (Simons 2014). Another issue worth resolving is the problem associated with turnaround time. The time is too long and need to be reduced. Communication between clients and the administration is the most important thing. It is what creates trust and strengthens their relationship. Latino engineering needs to put up a quick resolution turnaround time. Such a factor is key and should be addressed with caution to avoid tarnishing the image of the company. When a client complains about faulty machinery; and the company, in return does not respond in time, it could even create a rifle between the two entities (Salah 2010). The client perceives it as rude if the company does not communicate. To avoid such a situation, the company needs to create a whole department that deals with this issue. It wouldnt be that appropriate to forgo this step to other areas of study like analysis. On the contrary, just like any other step, it holds the key to solving problems in a manner that is effective. Such also helps i n the differentiation of the problem solving steps. Through the combination of problems to be solved with exact definition of the matters likely to be solved is most likely to improve the technique for solving the particular problems. However, the technique required during the problem definition phase is attitude. Problems need to be seen as an opportunity. In this case, the opportunity is associated with growth and being able to venture into better ideas that will benefit the company. That is how companies break; they dont give clients first priority. Using better technology would also help make turnaround resolution quicker (Gotzamani, Theodorakioglou and Tsiotras 2006). All the identified problems arise in a company experience communication difficulties and without togetherness. The management should find a way to bring the staff together to ensure success. That way, the company will also stay true to its objectives while the clients also stay true to the company. On the contrary, the moment one spoils his or her production processes, the company is likely to fall apart. Clients are the most important part of any company. Workers trail behind. In our case, the company has supplied fabricated steel. Most of it sourced from Whyalla, to the portal frames for the rail electrification project, the Central Bus Terminal in the city and the Adelaide Airport main terminal building. It has also been noted that the company has delivered wrong equipment to clients which is also a problem. If this company wants to come out of these problems, it should start now by looking out for its clients. Its relationship with clients is at a great risk. Enhancing rules and policies within the company to increase the level of integrity within the companys departments would be vital and thus ensure that clients served quickly and efficiently. If such issues are not addressed, the steel engineering and fabrication company is likely to close in a months time. The main reason for closure is client interest related. When clients feel like they are being taken for granted, they always tend to seek for better places to buy their machinery (Harrington and Gupta 2014). Diligent workers know the operations of this company including management issues herein. The new owners, should therefore, let this employees show them how they have always worked and treated their clients. I encourage companies to explore new tactics, as much as I also warn them to be ready to face criticisms from within the organization. In most cases, actions that are affirmative get severe blowback (Revere 2004). However, such actions are one method in which one would ensure that everyone in the organization get their opinions heard. In my opinion, the organization tech does not embrace actions that are affirmative. Such is due to the fact that they are twined to the meritocracy idea. The seven-step technique for problem solving, if implemented, is likely to become an implementation project process. However, before having decisions implemented, it is appropriate that the identified issues are first defined and the desired outcomes discussed. The problem should also be discussed a t length. All the possible avenues need to be explored and conceivable option generated (Revere 2004). For the purpose of implementation, guidelines of project management need to be followed. To clearly understand the outcomes, one should ask himself or herself what will be different when he or she solves the issues so as to realize the opportunity. On the other hand, objectives need to be set. Such objectives need to demonstrate the path that one would use to arrive at the outcomes. To ensure success, clarity should be gained. This is a step to solving the problems that are facing this company. Such numbers make a statement concerning the relativity of brands not approaches effectiveness. There is a possibility that good products would fail in the market. The reasons for so are numerous. However, as much are the factors named in this paper are but ideas, time always has its mechanism of doing away with the ones that are bas. Most of the approaches discussed in this paper have been employed in similar situations and helped solve such problems. Conclusively, the only thing thriving is Lean. From that, the papers bulk needs to be about Lean as well as the reasons as to why had its competition crushed. At the time when the management of a company embarks on a program change, it happens not only to impact the work content, but also the structure of power. There happen to be evolutionary paths corporation promotion. Excellence in sales leads to rise in the sales hierarchy as much as getting involved in a new product being able to make ones career. Also, when one exceeds in his or her own goals as a supervisor for production, they are likely to be better plant managers. Such is a normal operation of any business organization and need no structural alteration. On the other hand, change programs that are revolutionary happen to be successful. By so saying, it means that their supporters get quickly promoted but also that their opponents get brutally eliminated or even fired (Lam 2012). Degeneration of change programs happen in many ways. Some of the ways include the attraction of zealots. These zealots happen to have changed the original techniques to dogma. Such happen to be manifesting in several manners. Such include the allowing of Kaizen and VSMs events within Lean. It is as a result of the existing politics that the too; relevance becomes improper in certain circumstances (Pantano 2006). Availability of interest camps in cases of failure or success of programs preventing the collection of metrics. There are a times when the signals are ignored by operators. They are then alerted to issues like low hydraulic pressure. At times, the operator is likely to alight from the cab so as to confirm if the shaft is turning. If so, the machine will be run without checking it again with the assumption that the monitor is not functioning. On the contrary, there is a problem that may lead to the machine breaking down. As some individuals ignore the signals, others get them completely ignored so that the signals are barred from flashing. However, such a case can also lead to breakdowns. When companies do not create the original machines it makes some clients businesses fail because of the backing out of the clients (Pantano 2006). At Facebook, recruiters in 2015 were told to priorities finding "diversity candidates."Engineers who weren't either Asians or white would ask not to be identified since they were not authorized to talk about their jobs. Some me afterwards, each and every recruiter got frustrated. Such was due to the fact that many engineering candidates were unable to get the given offer. With time, the feminine number in technological roles within Facebook soared by 1 per cent. There are those recruiters who put blame on the engineering department for poor processes of hiring. Such is due to the fact that these departments gave veto power particular engineering groups of leaders that signed off. As much as Facebook pushed employers to go for employees who are diverse, the individuals charged with making decisions were not held accountable. There are times when operators are ignorant of signals that alert them of many things. Such things include when hydraulic pressure gets low or even when a shaft does not turn. On the contrary, if so, the operator is likely to run the machine without necessarily having to check it. However, in case the monitor doesnt function in the right manner, checking is recommended. It should be noted that there are farmers who not only ignore signals but have them completely disconnected so as to stop them from beeping or flashing. Such can also result to breakdowns. Some of the signals disconnected include the ones for hydraulic oil, engine temperature and shaft speeds (Ortiz 2010). Conclusion At the time that tech companies hire workers, what they always think of is to recruit workers that are experienced. However, they always get it all wrong because they forget many other things. From such statements, what people perceive is the fact that those who are most technically skilled will be hired first. However, the most effective strategy that requires adoption is to prevent failure modes from getting into the equipment. From the same, we should realize that managers are needed to have their mechanisms for management as well as quality standards to be able to detect, control and stop any form of error, or the introduction of the same into the entire equipment (Salah 2010). Regarding failure in markets, many reasons exist to explain the same. The paper has highlighted most of them. Also, the ones that have been highlighted happen to have been employed by different organizations in a way or the other. However, the only thing thriving is Lean (Salah 2010). As discussed earlier, when the management of a company embarks on a program change, such a program happens not only to impact the work content, but also the structure of power. There happen to be evolutionary paths corporation promotion. Excellence in sales leads to rise in the sales hierarchy as much as getting involved in a new product being able to make ones career. Also, when one exceeds in his or her own goals as a supervisor for production, they are likely to be better plant managers. Such is a normal operation of any business organization and need no structural alteration. On the other hand, change programs that are revolutionary happen to be successful. By so saying, it means that their supporte rs get quickly promoted but also that their opponents get brutally eliminated or even fired (Lam 2012). As mentioned before, several organizational studies performed show that that clients complain of defective engineering equipment. Also, in most manufacturing sections, the machinery is improperly maintained. In our case, since the company was taken over by the new owners, the manufacturing machinery has been neglected. The machinery is also not serviced quite often. From such, ineffective engineering equipment is created. Such seems to be one of the root cause of complains received by different clients (Changarathi 2015). All the mentioned issues in this paper need to be rectified immediately so that the company can start redeeming itself. As highlighted in the papers body, at the time that most companies change their leadership framework, they often find themselves with arising issues. Such is due to inadequate follow up and knowledge. As mentioned before, this company had been governed for over 30 years by the same personnel. The administrator also happened to be the owner of the f irm; so the company was built in a manner that would make it easy for him to govern with ease (Adams 2016). References; Adams, E 2016, TQMVs. six sigma in construction equipment. [4th October 2017] Changarathi, V 2015, South Australian engineering firm to shut down. Available from; www.adelaidnow.com.au/business/south-australian-engineering-firm-to-shut-down/news-story/32b58af01a821bcc6da6471bf3e51d22. [4th October 2017] Chou, T 2017, Is affirmative action the only way to fix diversity in tech companies. Available from: www.afr.com/leadership/is-affirmative-action-the-only-way-to-fix-diversity-in-tech-companies-20170111-gtpg65. [4th October, 2017] Gitlow, H 1983, A guide to lean six sigma management skills. Available from: https://www.crcpress.com/A-Guide-to-lean-six-sigma-management-skils-/gitlow/p/book/9781420084160. [4th October 2017] Gotzamani K.D., , Theodorakioglou Y.D., , Tsiotras G.D. (2006). A longitudinal study of the ISO 9000 (1994) series contribution towards TQM in Greek industry. The TQM Magazine, 18(1), 4454. Handfield R., , Ghosh S., , Fawcett S. (1998). Quality-driven changes and its effects on financial performance. Quality Management Journal, 5(3), 1330 Harrington J.H., , Gupta P. (2014). Six Sigma vs TQM. Available from: https://www.qualitydigest.com/nov06/articles/03_article.shtml.[20March2017] Hicks,T 2017, seven steps for effective problem solving in the workplace. Available from: www.mediate.com/articles/thicks.cfm. [4th October 2017] Kaplan R 1996. The balanced scorecard: translating strategy into action. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business Press. Lam, S 2012, A structural equation model of TQM, market orientation and service quality: Evidence from a developing nation. Managing Service Quality, 22(3), 281309. Mann, R 1995, Factors affecting the implementation and success of TQM. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, 12(1), 1123 Melsa, J 2009,. Principles and tools of Total Quality Management. In Encyclopedia of life support system. Nave, D 2002, How to compare Six Sigma, lean and the theory of constraints. Quality Progress, 35(3), 7380. Ortiz, J 2010, The intervening effect of busniess innovation capability on relationship between Total Quality Management technological Innovation. International Journal of Production Research, 18(1), 50875107. Pantano V 2006, Cluster-based Six Sigma deployment in small and medium sized enterprises. In Management of innovation and technology, 2006 IEEE International Conference on. (Vol. 2, pp. 788792). IEEE. Porter M, Competitive advantage: Creating and sustaining superior performance. New York: Free Press. Revere, L 2004,Integrating Six Sigma and CQI for improving patient care. TQM Journal, 16(2), 105113. Salah, S 2010,The integration of Six Sigma and lean management. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, 1(3), 249274. Schroeder R 2008. Six Sigma: Definition and underlying theory. Journal of Operations Management, 26(4), 536554. Simons, N 2014, The sevenmost common problem solving methods. Available from: www.perfomance-innovation-com/ [4th October 2017]